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Description: A tripeptide with many roles in cells. It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some enzymes, is involved in protein disulfide bond rearrangement and reduces peroxides. [PubChem]
Drug Type: Small Molecule; Nutraceutical; Approved
Mechanism of Action: Glutathione (GSH) participates in leukotriene synthesis and is a cofactor for the enzyme glutathione peroxidase. It is also important as a hydrophilic molecule that is added to lipophilic toxins and waste in the liver during biotransformation before they can become part of the bile. Glutathione is also needed for the detoxification of methylglyoxal, a toxin produced as a by-product of metabolism. This detoxification reaction is carried out by the glyoxalase system. Glyoxalase I catalyzes the conversion of methylglyoxal and reduced glutathione to S-D-Lactoyl-glutathione. Glyoxalase II catalyzes the conversion of S-D-Lactoyl Glutathione to Reduced Glutathione and D-lactate. GSH is known as a cofactor in both conjugation reactions and reduction reactions, catalyzed by glutathione S-transferase enzymes in cytosol, microsomes, and mitochondria. However, it is capable of participating in non-enzymatic conjugation with some chemicals, as it is hypothesized to do to a significant extent with n-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), the reactive cytochrome P450 reactive metabolite formed by toxic overdose of acetaminophen. Glutathione in this capacity binds to NAPQI as a suicide substrate and in the process detoxifies it, taking the place of cellular protein sulfhydryl groups which would otherwise be toxically adducted. The preferred medical treatment to an overdose of this nature, whose efficacy has been consistently supported in literature, is the administration (usually in atomized form) of N-acetylcysteine, which is used by cells to replace spent GSSG and allow a usable GSH pool.
Indication: For nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance
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Data Correlations | 8 studies

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Genes category icon Genes
Score Help
TM4SF1 100 100
PLGLA1 98 98
SSX2 97 97
CCL20 96 96
DGKA 95 95
SCN4A 92 92
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Biogroups category icon Biogroups
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MHC class I, alpha chain, C-termina… 100 100
Neurotransmitters Pathway 95 95
Regulation of Spermatogenesis by CR… 94 94
Sterile alpha motif SAM 90 90
IQ calmodulin-binding region 90 90
CD80-like, immunoglobulin C2-set 90 90
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Individual Studies

  • Nrf2-null mice alveolar type II cells

    Mus musculus Mus musculus | RNA Expression   RNA Expression

    We hypothesize that gene expression in the Type II cells of Nrf2+/+ and Nrf2-/- mice are divergent thus contributing the cell growth. More specifically, type II cells from Nrf2-/- mice have increased reactive oxygen species that cause the impaired cell growth. In order to test these hypotheses at th…

    Authors: Scollick CM, Machireddy N, Kleeberger SR et al.

    Organization: Bloomberg School of Public Health Enviro…

  • NO effects on gene expression, independent of cGMP

    Homo sapiens Homo sapiens | RNA Expression   RNA Expression

    NO effects on gene expression, independent of cGMP, were examined globally. Differentiated human U937 cells that lack soluble guanylate cyclase were exposed to Snitrosoglutathione, a NO donor, or glutathione without or with dibutyryl-cAMP (Bt2cAMP). NO regulated 110 transcripts that annotated dispro…

    Authors: Cui X, Zhang J, Ma P et al.

    Organization: Clinical Center Critical Care Medicine D…
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Associated Researchers

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Thought leaders and organizations working on research involving reduced glutathione.

View All Author iconAuthors
  • Joaquín Gadea
  • Salvador Moncada
  • Angeles Almeida
  • Juan P Bolaños
  • David Gumbao
View All Clinical trial sponsors icon Clinical Trials Sponsors
  • Emory University
  • University of California, San Diego
  • University of Turin, Italy
  • Department of Veterans Affairs
  • Emphycorp
View All Affiliations icon Organizations
  • Universidad de Salamanca
  • University of Murcia
  • J.W. Goethe University
  • Universität Kaiserslautern
  • Florida International University

Clinical Trials | 42 trials

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