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Description: An antibiotic first isolated from cultures of Streptomyces venequelae in 1947 but now produced synthetically. It has a relatively simple structure and was the first broad-spectrum antibiotic to be discovered. It acts by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and is mainly bacteriostatic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p106)
Drug Type: Small Molecule; Approved
Pharmacology: Chloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that was derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae and is now produced synthetically. Chloramphenicol is effective against a wide variety of microorganisms, but due to serious side-effects (e.g., damage to the bone marrow, including aplastic anemia) in humans, it is usually reserved for the treatment of serious and life-threatening infections (e.g., typhoid fever). Chloramphenicol is bacteriostatic but may be bactericidal in high concentrations or when used against highly susceptible organisms. Chloramphenicol stops bacterial growth by binding to the bacterial ribosome (blocking peptidyl transferase) and inhibiting protein synthesis.
Mechanism of Action: Chloramphenicol is lipid-soluble, allowing it to diffuse through the bacterial cell membrane. It then reversibly binds to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes where transfer of amino acids to growing peptide chains is prevented (perhaps by suppression of peptidyl transferase activity), thus inhibiting peptide bond formation and subsequent protein synthesis.
Indication: Used in treatment of cholera, as it destroys the vibrios and decreases the diarrhea. It is effective against tetracycline-resistant vibrios. It is also used in eye drops or ointment to treat bacterial conjunctivitis.
Half Life: Half-life in adults with normal hepatic and renal function is 1.5 - 3.5 hours. In patients with impaired renal function half-life is 3 - 4 hours. In patients with severely impaired hepatic function half-life is 4.6 - 11.6 hours. Half-life in children 1 month to 16 years old is 3 - 6.5 hours, while half-life in infants 1 to 2 days old is 24 hours or longer and is highly variable, especially in low birth-weight infants.
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Data Correlations | 3 studies

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Genes category icon Genes
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TTF1 100 100
NOTCH2 99 99
METAP2 94 94
ABO 93 93
RCC1 93 93
HIF3A 90 90
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Biogroups category icon Biogroups
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Biotin Metabolism 100 100
Peptidase aspartic, active site 99 99
I8 - chymotrypsin/elastase inhibit… 97 97
Blood Group Glycolipid Biosynthesis… 97 97
Glycosphingolipid Biosynthesis Lact… 97 97
I43 - oprin 97 97
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Individual Studies

  • Liver Pharmacology and Xenobiotic Response Repertoire

    Rattus norvegicus Rattus norvegicus | RNA Expression   RNA Expression

    A definition of RNA expression changes that correlate with liver response programs and an understanding of the similarities and differences in responses to different classes of chemicals would aid in new chemical or drug characterization and add to our understanding of liver biology.

    Authors: Natsoulis G, Pearson CI, Gollub J et al.

    Organization: Iconix Biosciences 325 E. Middlefield Rd…

  • Non-genotoxic Hepatocarcinogens (Iconix study)

    Rattus norvegicus Rattus norvegicus | RNA Expression   RNA Expression

    We have developed a short-term in vivo rat assay that predicts whether non-genotoxic chemicals are likely to induce hepatic tumors based on transcript profiles in the liver. Using a large independent test set, assay accuracy was found to be superior to existing pathological and genomic markers. Comp…

    Authors: Fielden MR, Brennan R, Gollub J

    Organization: Iconix Biosciences 325 E. Middlefield Rd…
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Associated Researchers

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Thought leaders and organizations working on research involving chloramphenicol.

View All Author iconAuthors
  • Corinna Kehrenberg
  • Stefan Schwarz
  • Marie-Isabel Aguilar
  • Hans Meisel
  • Muhammad Malik
View All Clinical trial sponsors icon Clinical Trials Sponsors
  • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
  • University of Cape Town
  • Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
  • Chosun University Hospital
View All Affiliations icon Organizations
  • Institut für Tierzucht
  • Public Health Research Institute
  • Max Rubner-Institute
  • University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey
  • University of Oxford

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